In 1969, President Richard Nixon ordered the United States to abandon its offensive biological-weapons program.
The Soviets apparently looked at that decision and said, “Hold my vodka.”
Instead of following America out of biological warfare, the Soviet Union went in the opposite direction. It constructed what researchers now describe as an enormous secret biological-weapons enterprise—one that eventually attempted to use the emerging science of genetic engineering to create pathogens more useful for war.
And then Moscow signed the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention prohibiting exactly that sort of thing.
Because apparently the first rule of Soviet arms control was to sign the paperwork, then do whatever you want…
The roots went back much further. Soviet military biological research began in the late 1920s. Scientists investigated diseases including plague, cholera and typhus as potential weapons. But the program took an extraordinary turn during the 1970s with the creation of Biopreparat, an ostensibly civilian biotechnology organization that concealed a massive biological-warfare effort.
This wasn’t a couple of mad scientists hiding test tubes underneath the Kremlin.
Biopreparat became a network of research institutes, production facilities and testing sites employing thousands of scientists and technicians. Researchers worked with pathogens including anthrax, plague and tularemia while Soviet military institutes maintained parallel programs.
Then came genetic engineering.
Recombinant-DNA technology was opening an extraordinary new chapter in medicine. Humanity was beginning to learn how to manipulate the machinery of life itself.
The Soviets recognized another possibility:
Weapons.
Historical research into the program concludes that Soviet leaders deliberately incorporated genetic engineering into biological warfare, attempting to create bacterial and viral strains with characteristics more militarily useful than organisms occurring naturally.
That is where biological warfare crosses a particularly disturbing moral line.
Nature creates diseases.
Human beings had begun asking whether we could improve them.
In 1979, reality escaped the laboratory.
An accidental release of anthrax spores occurred from a military biological facility at Sverdlovsk, today’s Yekaterinburg in the Ural mountains. Soviet authorities blamed contaminated meat. Western governments suspected something very different: an aerosol release connected to a prohibited biological-weapons program.
Approximately 70 people died according to historical assessments. The accident later became one of the strongest pieces of evidence demonstrating what the Soviet Union had secretly been doing.
Then the Soviet Union collapsed.
And the secrets started walking out the door.
In 1989, senior Biopreparat scientist Vladimir Pasechnik defected to Britain and revealed the scale of the hidden program. In 1992, Kanatjan Alibekov—better known in America as Ken Alibek—left the former Soviet system. Alibek had risen to become first deputy director of Biopreparat and subsequently described industrial-scale biological-weapons development and production.
Another scientist, Sergei Popov, later described the genetic-engineering research occurring inside the Soviet system.
Suddenly the West wasn’t merely looking at satellite photographs.
The actual scientists were talking.
Alibek described Soviet work involving anthrax, plague and other biological agents and warned that Soviet scientists had explored genetically modified organisms with novel properties. Some of his later and more spectacular claims remain disputed, and that distinction matters. But the existence of the enormous Soviet offensive program itself is well established by multiple sources and subsequent historical research.
The lesson is bigger than Russia.
The Soviet biological-weapons program demonstrated what happens when scientific capability outruns morality.
Splitting the atom gave mankind nuclear energy—and Hiroshima.
Genetic engineering gave mankind revolutionary medicines—and simultaneously handed governments the theoretical ability to manipulate disease.
The same knowledge can heal or kill.
The difference isn’t the science.
It’s the person holding the test tube.
That’s what makes the Soviet program so disturbing. They weren’t merely storing naturally occurring diseases for some future war. Their scientists were exploring whether biology itself could be modified to make disease a better weapon.
They were trying to improve upon nature’s ability to kill human beings.
That’s playing God with a government budget.
And unlike a nuclear weapons program, the infrastructure doesn’t necessarily advertise itself. A fermenter can produce medicine or biological agents. A laboratory studying pathogens can legitimately develop vaccines—or investigate how those pathogens might be weaponized.
Same equipment.
Same scientists.
Different orders.
That is the uncomfortable history sitting underneath Annie Jacobsen’s fictional Biological War scenario.
Her fictional super-pathogen doesn’t need to exist for the warning to matter.
The Soviet Union already demonstrated something considerably more important:
Human beings became technologically capable of manipulating the machinery of life—and almost immediately somebody asked how to turn that capability into a weapon.
U.S. government assessments have expressed particular concern about biological activities in Russia, North Korea, China, and Iran—not simply because they possess advanced laboratories, but because of questions about transparency, treaty compliance, military involvement, and whether ostensibly defensive or civilian research could conceal offensive capabilities.
Today, depending on how they are counted, roughly 70 to more than 100 maximum-containment BSL-4 laboratories exist worldwide, including a significant number in the United States. They aren’t inherently bioweapons labs—but the same science that teaches us how to defeat nature’s deadliest pathogens can also teach someone how to make them worse. We outlawed biological warfare; unfortunately, we didn’t outlaw human nature.
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